All About Electrolytes (they’re Not Just for Athletes!)

Every time you move, or even just think, there’s some kind of electricity behind it. Every time your heart beats, it started with an electrical charge.

That’s why electrolytes are so important. Electrolytes are electrically charged ions that help regulate fluid balance in your body (including important things like blood pressure); they’re also involved in brain function and muscle contractions. Important electrolytes include:

• Sodium and chloride (usually eaten together as table salt)
• Potassium
• Calcium
• Magnesium

You might recognize all of these as things you can get from a normal diet – for example, white potatoes are rich in potassium, and leafy greens are good sources of calcium. For healthy people who are recreationally active but not extreme about it, there really shouldn’t be much need for extra electrolytes. But for some people, in some situations, additional electrolytes might be warranted.

Who Needs Extra Electrolytes?

Nobody really objects to electrolytes in food, but when it comes to sports drinks, the standard comeback is “but that’s not natural! Cavemen didn’t have it; neither should we!”

Actually, people in the Paleolithic probably did have something like electrolyte drinks in the form of naturally mineral-rich water. We’ve lost that thanks to water purification systems that help protect us from waterborne diseases at the cost of nutrient content.

Also, not everything is bad just because cavemen didn’t have it. To take an extreme example, cavemen didn’t have any kind of oral rehydration drink (e.g. Pedialyte) for sick children, but they did have incredibly high infant mortality rate from infectious diseases, probably including many diseases that kill by dehydration. If babies and kids in the Paleolithic had been able to drink something like Pedialyte when they were sick, maybe they would have had a better chance of surviving to adulthood.

Paleo is not a game of caveman re-enactment. If it makes sense to eat or drink something, then it makes sense regardless of whether cavemen would have had it or not. So who might actually benefit from some extra electrolytes?

• Strict low-carbers. Electrolyte imbalances are a common side-effect of ketogenic diets, and electrolyte supplements are one of the most helpful things you can eat if you’re going keto.
• Anyone sweating a lot for any reason, including athletes but also including a lot of other people. Do you work in a warehouse? Run a summer camp? Do CrossFit in the summer in a box without air conditioning?
• Anyone who is vomiting or having diarrhea. (Especially children)
• People with eating disorders.

More generally, electrolytes are often helpful for anyone who often feels worn-down or inexplicably exhausted, especially if you’re fine until you work out and then crash afterwards.

Electrolytes and Sugar

In commercial drinks, electrolytes are often packaged with sugar. Partly, this is because sugar is a great way to sell bottled drinks, but it also does have a scientific justification. Because of the way that water and electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine, adding glucose helps make the absorption more efficient.

For people who are sick and vomiting up everything they eat, the sugar also supplies an important source of energy – fighting a disease or injury is glucose-intensive, and if sugar water is the only way you can get that glucose in, then sugar water is better than nothing.

On the other hand, not everyone who needs electrolytes needs sugar to go with them. If you’re taking electrolyte supplements for keto, for example, then drinking a bunch of glucose defeats the whole point. So whether or not you take your electrolytes with sugar will depend on your goals in taking them.

Paleo Sources of Electrolytes

Electrolytes are important. That doesn’t mean Gatorade is Paleo. It’s absolutely possible to get electrolytes from whole foods, without tossing in a bunch of high-fructose corn syrup and blue food coloring along for the ride.

First, a breakdown of the electrolytes in a few products you might recognize:

Amount per 1 liter of drink.	Gatorade	Powerade	Grape-flavored Pedialyte
Sodium (mg)	465	422	1035
Chloride (mg)			1225
Potassium (mg)	127	101	780
Calcium (mg)
Magnesium (mg)
Other	59 grams of sugar.	80 grams of sugar.	7.8 mg zinc, 25 grams of sugar

Now take a look at how you could re-create electrolyte drinks for particular functions on your own:

For sports performance and recovery…

• Paleo recipe 1 (without sugar): ¼ cup of coconut water, plus a generous pinch of salt (technically 0.2 teaspoons, if you want to get really precise), dissolved in 1 liter of water. This version should be fine for most people.
• Paleo recipe 2 (with sugar): a generous pinch of salt (technically 0.2 teaspoons, if you want to get really precise), dissolved in about 16 ounces of unsweetened fruit juice and diluted to taste. This version would be good for extremely long endurance exercise (e.g. running a marathon).

Amount of mineral per 1 liter of drink.	Gatorade	Paleo recipe 1 (without sugar)	Paleo recipe 2 (with sugar) – nutrition facts for 16 ounces of apple juice
Sodium (mg)	465	534	485
Potassium (mg)	127	150	590
Calcium (mg)		14	34
Magnesium (mg)		15	14
Sugar	59 grams	1.6 grams	55 grams

In fact, the Paleo versions are even a little better than Gatorade. For one thing, they have more sodium. This study found that typical rehydration drinks don’t actually have enough salt in them for optimal performance and recovery (the reason: it would change the trademark hyper-sweet taste of the drink).

The Paleo recipes also include at least a little magnesium and calcium – both of these are also important minerals for muscle contraction and avoiding cramps, and many people are deficient in magnesium in particular.

For illness:

• The WHO’s suggestion for homemade oral rehydration salts: 0.5 teaspoons salt + 6 teaspoons sugar in 1 liter of water.
• Homemade Pedialyte: 8 ounces of apple juice + ¼ teaspoon regular salt + ½ teaspoon low-sodium salt* + 1 tablespoon of honey in 1 liter of water.

*Low-sodium salt is basically a type of salt that replaces some of the sodium with potassium; it’s there as a cheap and easy potassium supplement.

Amount of mineral per 1 liter of drink.	Grape-flavored Pedialyte	WHO oral rehydration salts	Homemade Pedialyte
Sodium (mg)	1035	1179	1084
Chloride (mg)	1225	1768	1626
Potassium (mg)	780		945
Calcium (mg)			18
Magnesium (mg)			8
Other	7.8 mg zinc, 25 grams of sugar	25 grams sugar	27 grams sugar

For Low-Carb Diets:

There’s no commercial version of an electrolyte drink formulated specifically for ketosis, so there’s no real standard to compare it to. But with that said, we do know a little about the electrolyte needs of people in ketosis.

• They need more sodium: ketosis makes you excrete sodium faster.
• They need more potassium: low-carb dieting is an effective diuretic, which has the unwanted side effect of flushing potassium.
• They often feel better with more magnesium: many people report muscle cramps or other problems that go away with magnesium supplementation.

For ketosis, you obviously don’t want any sugar with that either. So here’s a recipe for a sugar-free electrolyte drink:

• ¼ teaspoon of lite/low-sodium salt* + ¼ teaspoon of regular salt + 1-2 teaspoons of Epsom salts, dissolved in as much water you need to make it palatable.

*Low-sodium salt is basically a type of salt that replaces some of the sodium with potassium; it’s there as a cheap and easy potassium supplement.

That recipe will give you 325mg of potassium, 833mg of sodium, and a decent amount of magnesium, depending on how much Epsom salts you use (start lower and work up; Epsom salts can give you nasty diarrhea if you go too high too fast). You can add the juice of one lime for the cost of about 3.5 grams of carbohydrate, if that makes it taste better.

Summing it Up

Healthy people who aren’t working out intensely get the electrolytes they need from food. But what if you’re sick? What if you’re running around in the heat? What if you’re eating an extremely low-carb diet and your electrolytes needs are higher?

In that case, supplemental electrolytes can be helpful – and now you know how to make your own without all the junk that goes into a bottle of sports drink.