Bone broth is a Paleo staple. It fills in the nutritional gaps of muscle meat with nutrients from all the “odd bits” that we don’t eat nearly enough of (you can learn more about the nutritional benefits here, and here's the recipe if you need it.) But for a lot of Paleo beginners, cooking bone broth can be pretty frustrating, especially if it doesn’t “gel” properly.
"Gelling" refers to the way the broth congeals when you cool it to fridge temperature. Bone broth is famous for this: you put in a liquid, and take out something like “chicken Jell-O" - and that's a sign of quality! The very best broth is jiggly and gelatinous, not perfectly thin and liquid (don't worry; it liquefies again when you heat it up).
It’s important to remember that bone broth is still nutritious even if it doesn’t gel. But gelling is a sign that there’s even more of at least one important nutrient, and it gives the broth an irresistibly smooth texture that enhances everything you cook with it. So here’s how to troubleshoot broth that won’t gel.
Bone Broth and Gelatin
Bone broth gels because of the gelatin it contains. Gelatin is the cooked form of collagen; it’s the same stuff that gives Jell-O dessert its trademark texture. Originally, collagen is a type of protein found mainly in bones, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissue; cooking broth extracts it from the bones and cooks it into gelatin, which is how you can end up with “meat Jell-O” when you make broth. Broth that doesn’t gel might contain some gelatin, but the gelatin is too diluted to really make it gel – think of the watery mess you get if you try to use just half a packet of Jell-O mix in the same amount of water.
Gelatin is one of the major health benefits of drinking broth in the first place: it’s very healthy for your joints and your gut. So if that’s what you’re going for with bone broth, then broth that gels nicely is the most efficient way to get it.
Here are two ways to increase the gelatin content of your broth, so it gels nicely:
Add More Gristle
Gelatin is the cooked form of collagen. To get enough gelatin in the broth, you have to have enough collagen in the raw materials. Bones do contain collagen. But you know what has even more? All the gristle-y connective tissue in between the bones. For the most collagen-rich bone broth, add as much of that as you can cram in. Here are some great ways to get it:
- Feet. Chicken feet are incredibly cheap (sometimes down to 99 cents/pound) and make fantastic broth. Pork, lamb, goat, or beef feet are a little pricier than chicken feet, but just as packed with the good stuff.
- Knuckle bones (from any animal).
- Tendons. It’s harder to find plain tendons, but if you can, snap them up.
- Entire chicken carcasses. Toss them in complete with any extra scraps of meat. You’ll get all the tendons between the ribs, along the spine, and around the shoulders, not to mention the cartilage and the bones. This is a great way to get even more use out of a whole chicken.
- Heads. Fish heads are famous for making fish stock, but chicken, duck, or goose heads will work just as well.
- Wingtips (chicken, duck, or goose).
- Skin. This is a tough one, since chicken skin is so delicious on its own. But if you have any pork or beef skin – maybe leftover from a skin-on pork shoulder? – then trim the layer of fat from it, render the fat, and toss the skin on into the broth pot.
All of these animal parts are typically cheap, and most markets will carry at least one or two of them. If you can go straight to a farmer, you’ll certainly be able to put in a request. Make sure you’ve got enough of them: one chicken foot is not going to make perfect bone broth in a gallon of water! A good rule of thumb is to fill your pot at least half full of animal parts and then pour water up to an inch or so from the top.
But what if you’ve already got a pot full of chicken feet and heads, and it still isn’t gelling? Maybe your problem is more about extracting the collagen from the bones…
Remove More Collagen From Your Animal Parts
Once you’ve got enough collagen in the pot, the next step is to get it out of the bones and gristle and into the broth. After all, it can’t help your broth gel if it’s locked up in the knuckles or feet or whatever you put in the pot! You have to extract it from the animal parts so it leaches out into the broth.
Collagen extraction can be done in all kinds of ways, but assuming you don’t have access to a full chemistry lab, here’s how to make it work at home:
- Heat. For most of its cook time, bone broth can be simmering gently (on the stovetop or in the slow-cooker). But if you’re having trouble getting the collagen out of your bones, often it really helps to bring the broth to a boil first. Even if you’re making it in the slow-cooker, just put the bones and water in a pot, then bring to a boil and just dump the boiling water and the bones directly into the slow-cooker. This is a very common and simple fix for slow-cooker broth that won’t gel.
- Acid. Treatment with an acid is one of the ways that commercial manufacturers extract collagen from animal skin to use in products like Jell-O. And one of the best acids for the job is acetic acid, the same acid found in vinegar. Try adding a little vinegar to your bones before you pour in the water (this will also help you extract minerals, so it’s a win-win).
- Time. Unless you’re using a pressure cooker, your broth is not going to be done in an hour! Leave it bubble away as long as you can.
If you’re up for it, another solution is to invest in a pressure-cooker (also great for cooking long braises, stews, and soups quickly!). From anecdotal reports, pressure cookers seem to be better at breaking down the bones and extracting the collagen, maybe because they apply heat more intensely. And it certainly is convenient to have your broth ready in less than an hour! If you’re curious about pressure-cooker broth, you can learn more here.
Summing it Up
Remember: bone broth that doesn’t gel is still good for you! It probably even has some gelatin in it, just not enough to give it that jiggly texture. But if you want broth you can cool and then cut with a knife, try:
- Adding more collagen-rich animal parts, like skin, feet, and joints.
- Turning up the collagen extraction with heat, acid, and time (and maybe a pressure cooker).
It might take a couple tries to get the exactly right formula, but luckily the collagen-rich animal parts are usually also the cheapest ones, and even your failed experimental batches will still be delicious in all kinds of soups and sauces.
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